Sources we rely on

We write from the law first, then from reputable commentary. These are the main sources our pages draw on. Individual pages cite the specific source for each fact, with the date we checked it.

The law

The core of an unfair dismissal claim is the Industrial Relations Act 1967, especially Section 20, which sets the right to seek reinstatement and the strict window to act. The Second Schedule sets the limits on back wages.

Statutory entitlements such as notice and termination benefits come from the Employment Act 1955, as amended in 2022. Income support after job loss comes from the Employment Insurance System Act 2017, run by PERKESO.

The courts and agencies

The Department of Industrial Relations (JPPM) receives representations and runs conciliation. The Industrial Court decides claims that do not settle, through its divisions across Malaysia.

For the retrenchment context, the Code of Conduct for Industrial Harmony 1975 sets out responsible practice, including the last-in-first-out principle.

Reputable commentary

Where plain explanation helps, we rely on published guidance from established Malaysian law firms and the Malaysian Bar. We do not treat forums, social media or AI-written pages as sources.

How we use them

Each fact on a page links to its source and shows when we checked it. If a source changes, we update the page. You can read more in our editorial policy and our methodology.